1. Painting (General)

Bendiner, Kenneth. An Introduction to Victorian Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Casteras, Susan P. The Substance or the Shadow: Images of Victorian Womanhood. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art, 1982.

Maas, Jeremy. Victorian Painters. London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1969.

Robertson, David. Sir Charles Eastlake and the Victorian Art World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Strong, Roy. Recreating the Past: British History and the Victorian Painter. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.

Treuherz, Julian. Hard Times: Social Realism in Victorian Art. London: Lund Humphries, 1987.

Victorian High Renaissance. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1978.

Wood, Christopher. The Dictionary of Victorian Painters. 2nd ed. Woodbridge: Antique Collector’s Club, 1978.

_____. Olympian Dreamers: Victorian Classical Painters , 1860-1914 . London: Constable, 1983.

Landscape and Paintings of the Sea

Grigson, Geoffrey. Britain Observed: The Landscape through Artist’s Eyes. London: Phaidon, 1971.

Hardie, Martin. Water-Colour Painting in Britain, Vol. 3: The Victorian Period. Ed. Dudley Snelgrove, Jonathan Mayne, and Basil Taylor. London: B. T. Batsford, 1968.

Staley, Alan. The Pre-Raphaelite Landscape. New Haven: Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Wilcox, Scott, and Christopher Newall. Victorian Landscape Watercolors. New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with the Yale center for British Art, 1992.

Wood, Christopher. Paradise Lost: Paintings of English Country Life and Labdscape. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1988.

Painting (Pre-Raphaelitism)

Amor, Anne Clark. William Holman Hunt : The True Pre-Raphaelite. London: Constable, 1989.

Bennett, Mary, Millais . Liverpool: Walker Art Gallery, 1967.

Fredeman, William E. Pre-Raphaelitism : A Bibliocritical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Harrison, Martin, and Bill Waters. Burne-Jones. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1973.

Landow, George P. William Holman Hunt and Typological Symbolism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

Pre-Raphaelites, The. London: Tate Gallery/Allen Lane, 1984.

Surtees, Virginia. The Paintings and Drawings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882): A Catalogue Raissonné . 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Watkinson, Raymond. Pre-Raphaelite Art and Design . Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1970.

Wood, Christopher. The Pre-Raphaelites . New York: Viking, 1981.

Painting (Individual Artists)

Blunt, Wilfrid. “England’s Michelangelo”: A Biography of George Frederic Watts. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975.

Greysmith, David. Richard Dadd: The Rock and Castle of Seclusion. London: Studio Vista, 1973.

Heleniak, Kathryn Moore. William Mulready. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980.

Hobson, Anthony. The Art and Life of J. W. Waterhouse, RA, 1849-1917. London: Studio Vista/Christie’s, 1980.

Lennie, Campbell. Landseer: The Victorian Paragon. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976.

Noakes, Aubrey. William Frith: Extraordinary Victorian Painter : A Biographical and Critical Essay. London: Jupiter, 1978.

Ormond, Leonée and Richard. Lord Leighton. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.

Pointon, Marcia. William Dyce , 1806-1864 : A Critical Biograph. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.

Weintraub, Stanley. Whistler: A Biography. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1974.

Wentworth, Michael. James Tissot. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

Sculpture

Beattie, Susa. The New Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.

Dorment, Richard. Alfred Gilbert. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Read, Benedict. Victorian Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

Architecture

Hersey, George. High Victorian Gothic: A Study in Associationism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972.

Hitchock, Henry-Russell. Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Baltimore: Penguin, 1963.

Muthesius, Stefan. The High Victorian Movement in Architecture, 1850-1870. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.

Design and Other Arts

Bartram, Michael. The Pre-Raphaelite Camera: Aspects of Victorian Photography. London: Widenfield and Nicolson, 1985.

Beck, Hilary. Victorian Engravings. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1973.

Crawford, Alan. C. R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Gere, Charlotte. Victorian Jewelry Design. London: William Kimber, 1972.

Harrison, Martin. Victorian Stained Glass. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1980.

McLean, Ruari. Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

Naylor, Gillian. The Arts and Crafts Movement: A Study in its Sources , Ideals , and Influence on Design Theory . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1974.

Stanton, Phoebe. Pugin. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.

Victorian and Edwardian Decorative Art: The Handley-Read Collection . London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1972.

Related Resources

• Art Collections, Galleries, and Museums
• Organizations, Firms offering Reproductions, and so on
• Individual Artists

artist - One who makes art.

It is very interesting to consider that some find this standard far too liberal — that one might be a great painter, for instance, but an “artist” is something significantly above and beyond that in achievement. Nevertheless, a distinction is generally drawn between an artist and an artisan, just as there can be merit to making distinctions between the making of art and craft.

As every definition of art must be controversial, so any definition of artist must be. Wherever the boundaries of a definition of artist are placed, the more interesting question becomes: What makes one artist more significant than another? Or better: What is it that improves an artist? And too, What diminishes an artist?

Typical factors in such discussions involve an artist’s art education of course, along with the use of creativity, craft, and originality. Of ultimate importance are the qualities of an artist’s world-view, which informs his or her sense of design and style (or zeitgeist), resulting in a heightened ability to see and to create with discrimination.

An artist must do all three of the following: make choices, organize, and create.

Rare synonyms for artist include: iconogenitor, iconographer, and iconoplast.

• “Art is a jealous mistress and if a man has a genius for painting, poetry, music, architecture or philosophy, he makes a bad husband and an ill provider.”
  Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1888), American essayist, critic, and philosopher. See transcendentalism.

• “The artists must be sacrificed to their art. Like the bees, they must put their lives into the sting they give.”
  Ralph Waldo Emerson.

• “Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his nature into his pictures.”
  Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887), American clergyman.

• “He is the greatest artist who has embodied, in the sum of his works, the greatest numbers of the greatest ideas.”
  John Ruskin (1819-1900) English critic. Modern Painters, Vol. I, part I, chapter 2, 1843. See art critic.

• “The need to be a great artist makes it hard to be an artist. The need to produce a great work of art makes it hard to produce any art at all.”
  Julia Cameron (1815-1879), Indian-born English photographer. See masterpiece and photography.

• “An artist is only an artist on condition that he neglects no aspect of his dual nature. This dualism is the power of being oneself and someone else at one and the same time.”
  Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), French poet and art critic.

• “History has remembered the kings and warriors, because they destroyed; Art has remembered the people, because they created.”
  William Morris (1834-1896), English artist, poet, and social reformer; leader of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

• “The artist is the confidant of nature. Flowers carry on dialogues with him through the graceful bending of their stems and the harmoniously tinted nuances of their blossoms. Every flower has a cordial word which nature directs towards him.”
  Auguste Rodin (1840-1917), French sculptor.

• “The past is what man should not have been. The present is what man
  ought not to be. The future is what artists are.”
  Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), British poet and playwright, “The Soul of Man Under Socialism,” a long political essay, 1891. See aestheticism.

• “All Artists are Anarchists.”
  George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Irish playwright. Quoted by painter Augustus John, c. 1945, Chiaroscuro.

• “When the artist is alive in any person . . . he becomes an inventive, searching, daring, self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. He disturbs, upsets, enlightens, and he opens ways for better understanding.”
  Robert Henri (1865-1929), American painter. See Ashcan school and The Eight.

• “An artist’s job is to surprise himself. Use all means possible.”
  Robert Henri.
  
  
• “The position of the artist is humble. He is essentially a channel.”
  Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), modern Dutch painter, leader of De Stijl.

• “The artist is not a special kind of man, but every man is a special kind of artist.”
  Ananda Coomraswamy (1877-1947), Indian writer. Transformation of Nature in Art.

• “Without poets, without artists, men would soon weary of nature’s monotony.”
  Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918), French poet and art critic.

• “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.”
  Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), modern Spanish artist. See cubism.
• “But when I am alone with myself, I have not the ‘courage’ to think of myself as an artist in the great and ancient sense of the term.”
  Pablo Picasso.
• “What do you think an artist is? An imbecile who has only his eyes if he is a painter, or his ears if he is a musician? . . . On the contrary, he is at the same time a political being, constantly on the alert to the heart-rending, burning, or happy events in the world, molding himself in their likeness.”
  Pablo Picasso.
• “The ideal artist is he who knows everything, feels everything, experiences everything, and retains his experience in a spirit of wonder and feeds upon it with creative lust.”
  George Bellows (1882-1925), American painter. See Ashcan school.

• The artist is the person who makes life more interesting or beautiful, more understandable or mysterious, or probably, in the best sense, more wonderful.”
  George Bellows.

• “Yesterday we obeyed kings and bent our necks before emperors. But today we kneel only to truth, follow only beauty, and obey only love.”
  Kahlil Gibran (1883-1931), Lebanese poet and writer, worked in the USA. See beauty, love, and truth.

• “To be an artist, one must . . . never shirk from the truth as he understands it, never withdraw from life.”
  Diego Rivera (1886-1957), Mexican painter. See mural and truth.

• “In my day artists wanted to be outcasts, pariahs. Now they are all integrated into society.”
  Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), French-born American. See Dada.

• “The artist is likely to be looked upon with some uneasiness by the more conservative members of society.
  Ben Shahn (1898-1969), Lithuanian-born American painter. See New Deal art and social realism.

• “What the rest of us see only under the influence of mescalin, the artist is congenitally equipped to see all the time.”
  Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), British writer.

• “Every significant artist is a metaphysician, a propounder of beauty-truths and form-theories.”
  Aldous Huxley. See beauty, form, metaphysics, theory, and truth.

• “An artist is a creature driven by demons — he usually doesn’t know why they chose him and he’s usually too busy to wonder why.”
  William Faulkner (1897-1962), American novelist.

• “To be an artist is to believe in life.”
  Henry Moore (1898-1986), English sculptor. See English art and sculpture.

• “The artist must say it without saying it.”
  Duke Ellington (1899-1974), American jazz musician. See music.

• “There really is no such thing as Art. There are only artists.”
  Ernst H. Gombrich (1909-2001), English art historian, The Story of Art, 1950. See art history.

• “We all name ourselves. We call ourselves artists. Nobody asks us. Nobody says you are or you aren’t.”
  Ad Reinhardt (1913-1967), American painter. See Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism.

• “Every man is an artist.”
  Joseph Beuys (1912-1992), German artist. See Fluxus.
• “The artist is an educator of artists of the future.”
  Saul Steinberg (1914-1999), Romanian-born American artist. See educator.
• “Artists today think of everything they do as a work of art. It is important to forget about what you are doing — then a work of art may happen.”
  Andrew Wyeth (1917-), American painter. See realism.
• “The character of the artist doesn’t enter into the nature of the art. Eliot said that art is the escape from personality, which I think is right. We know that Velázquez embezzled money from the Spanish court and wanted power and so on, but you can’t see this in his art.”
  Lucian Freud (1920-), German-born English painter. See English art and Diego Velázquez (Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez) (Spanish, 1599-1660) in Spanish art.
• “An artist needs the best studio instruction, the most rigorous demands, and the toughest criticism in order to tune up his sensibilities.”
  Wayne Thiebaud (1920-), American painter. See Pop art.
• ” ‘Artist’ refers to a person, willfully enmeshed in a dilemma of categories, who performs as if none of them existed.”
  Allan Kaprow (1927-), American artist. See conceptual art and Happening.
• “An artist is someone who produces things that people don’t need to have but that he — for some reason — thinks it would be a good idea to give them.”
  Andy Warhol (1928-1987), American painter. See Pop art.
• “Why do people think artists are special? It’s just another job.”
  Andy Warhol.

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For J. M. W. Turner, the subject of James Hamilton’s biography, complex ideas were transformed into features of the landscape.

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Joseph Mallord William Turner went to Venice, in 1819, 1833, and 1840, spending only a total of about four weeks there. Even in that brief time the city cast its spell over him.

A curator at the Tate Britain has concluded that the prudish Victorian critic John Ruskin did not set fire to erotic drawings by the artist J. M. W. Turner. Continue …

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Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) was one of the greatest romantic interpreters of nature

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ART REVIEW; Conjurer of Ethereal Mysteries
One century, five decades and one year after the death of the English painter J. M. W. Turner, we are still grappling with his immense achievement.

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Two paintings by J. M. W. Turner have been returned to the Tate Gallery in London eight years after they were stolen from an exhibition in Germany.

Joseph Mallord William Turner The English painter