Ruskin was born in London, England, on Feb. 8, 1819. His father was a wealthy wine merchant, and both of his parents devoted much time to his education. In 1836 he left home to go to Oxford, where he won a prize for poetry. He graduated in 1842.

Early in his career Ruskin wrote mostly about painting and architecture. The first volume of his 'Modern Painters' series, published when he was 24, redirected public taste. This series and 'The Seven Lamps of Architecture' and 'The Stones of Venice' gave the people of Queen Victoria's reign a new interest in art and a new point of view toward it. In his later life he was a professor of art at Oxford.

When Ruskin was about 40 years old, he began to be more interested in humanity and became a social reformer. His writings changed. He began to describe what he thought would be an ideal state of society and how he felt this could be brought about. Ruskin did not champion revolutionary socialism, but he cried out for national education, old-age pensions, and better housing for the working classes. Ruskin's strong feelings about social welfare led him to organize the Guild of St. George--an elaborate social structure in which machines were practically banished. Even though Ruskin knew comparatively little about sociology or economics, his 'Sesame and Lilies', a popular statement of some of his sociological ideas, became very well known.

Even more impressive than the things Ruskin said was the way he said them. He wrote beautiful, clear English--at times very simple and straightforward and at times highly ornate and coloured. Altogether he wrote more than 50 volumes. His autobiography, 'Praeterita', tells of his early life. Ruskin died at his home in Coniston, Lancashire, on Jan. 20, 1900.